Modern Hindi Grammar (2024)

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A GRAMMAR OF BHOJPURI A Dissertation Submitted to the Faculty of Humanities and Social Sciences of Tribhuvan University in Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Doctor of Philosophy in LINGUISTICS

Gopal Thakur

Unpublished doctoral dissertation submitted in Tribhuvan University

This study presents a grammar of Bhojpuri within the framework of the functional-typological grammar with adaptive approach developed by T. Givόn (2001a & b and 2009). Bhojpuri is an Indo-Aryan language spoken mainly in the districts of central Tarai (Madhesh); namely, Sarlahi, Rautahat, Bara, Parsa, Chitwan, Nawalparasi (East and West of Susta) and Rupandehi in Nepal as well as in the adjacent Indian territories of Western Bihar and Eastern Uttar Pradesh, and other provinces, too. It is also spoken as mother tongue worldwide, due to indentured labour in the past and foreign employment contemporarily. The main goal of this study is to analyze the forms and functions of different grammatical categories of the Bhojpuri language and compare them to the characteristic structural features of Indo-Aryan languages from the typological perspectives. Mainly based on the field study, this grammar examines morphosyntactic structures manifesting the relationship between linguistic forms and functions at both sentence and discourse levels of the form of Bara-Parsa variety of Bhojpuri. The study is organized into 16 chapters. Chapter 1 presents major objectives of the study, literature review and significance and limitations of the study. Chapter 2 deals with the theoretical framework of the study. Chapter 3 discusses some sociolinguistic aspects as background information. Chapters 4-14 deal with different aspects of grammar of the language, viz., phonology, morphophonology, word classes, simple verbal clauses and argument structure, grammatical relations and case-marking, noun phrases and word order, tense, aspect and modality, non-declarative speech-acts, marked topics and contrastive focus, inter-clausal and referential coherence. Chapter 15 deals with typological implications of the study. Chapter 16 presents summary and conclusions. This study has revealed a number of interesting features of the Bhojpuri language. This language is used in different domains of language use with positive attitude of the speech community. East-west areal dialectal variations occur in the language along with ethnic and religious ones. There are 36 consonants and 8 oral vowels with their nasal counterparts in Bhojpuri. Bhojpuri presents different strategies such as deletion, raising, assimilation and coalescence between the preceding and succeeding segments during word formation. Morphosyntactically, Bhojpuri consistently displays nominative-accusative case-marking system. The case-markers are postpositional, but suffixed with pronominals. Tense-aspect-modality agreement markers are suffixal in Bhojpuri. Regular word order in Bhojpuri clauses is SOV with flexibility for different pragmatic uses. Non-verbal predicates are significantly used for present habitual. Passivization, reflexivization and causativization are primarily morphological in Bhojpuri. A noun phrase consists of a single noun or pronoun as the simplex one and with other elements as the complex. Bhojpuri displays two genders, two numbers and three degrees of honorificity inherent in as well as marked with nouns and finite verbs morphologically. The relative clauses occur in externally and internally headed or headless position under strategies of a gap, pronoun retention and use of different correlative pronouns to relativize different grammatical relations. The non-declarative speech acts in Bhojpuri include interrogative with polar, constituent and negative polarity questions, and manipulative with imperative and hortative constructions. Reflexive, reciprocals, insertion of dative, benefactive or associative arguments and passive constructions are used in de-transitive voices. EPCs, Y-movement, left and right dislocations, dative-shifting and raising may be utilized in marked topic constructions as well as affixes and quantifiers, contrastive strength, reference and topicality, negation and polar questions in contrastive focus. The subordinate adverbial clauses are generally marked through the special non-finite verb forms in Bhojpuri. Conjoined clauses exhibit the conjunctive, disjunctive and adversative relationships among themselves and express rejection and cause too. Complement-taking verbs include perception-cognition-utterance, modality and manipulation verbs. The referential coherence is encoded by the morphological devices in terms of grammar of pronouns and the grammatical agreement. Bhojpuri displays a number of typologically interesting features similar to and different from its neighbouring Indo-Aryan languages. This study has also revealed some striking features in the language. They may include aspirate sonorants, triphthongization, phonemic word-stress, smaller to greater order of counting upto 200, declension of adverbs in word-formation as well as for emphasis, development of genuine prefixes and infixes, allocutive agreement and absence of gender marking (in eastern variety), use of present tense copula bɑ with its negative counterpart nʌikʰe, verbless utterances in proverbs and relative clauses and clause-final plural maker particle sʌ, sʌn and jɑ with a consistent nominative-accusative pattern. The annexes include details of sociolinguistic data collection and informants in the study, map of the common Bhojpuri speech zones in Nepal and India, tables of distribution of consonants and vowel sequence and samples of the analyzed texts, followed by references.

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On Some Grammatical Peculiarities of Indian English

Rafayel Harutyunyan

Armenian Folia Anglistika, 2019

English is a lingua franca that unites all the nations in the world. It is not only the language of universal communication but also a language to access the scientific world, international business and the world of entertainment as many of the world’s top films, books and songs are published and produced in English. The English that people use for social interaction in India differs considerably from the English spoken in other regions of the world in terms of vocabulary, syntax and other aspects of language. Thus, the aim of the present article is to investigate Indian English as a distinctive variety of English and to show how Indians have customized English in various ways, and willingly or unwillingly, have better suited it to their needs. We also discuss some grammatical peculiarities of Indian English used or experienced in different settings.

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Review of Indian English

rajeev ramnath

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Manifestation of Phrase Structure Grammar and Immediate Constituent Analysis in Marathi ================================================================= Language in India www.languageinindia

Milind Ahire

2017

Language works, among other features, on syntactic substance. It forms the foundation of linguistic workings. Syntax works at sentence level. Sentence formation implies interrelationship among constituents of sentence. The intertwining relations among linguistic units fulfill the eligibility of sentence to get formed become grammatical. Traditional and modern linguistics have different perspectives in analyzing units of sentence. However, they do not neglect the existence of rules that govern Phrase Structure Grammar and Immediate Constituent Analysis. The paper discusses the theory of phrase structure grammar and immediate constituent analysis in Marathi with reference to English syntax. The paper has two prime objectives. First, it attempts to mark peculiarities of phrase structure grammar and immediate constituent analysis in Marathi syntax. Second, it tries to analyze sample linguistic data of Marathi and draw attention towards how phrase structure grammar and immediate constitu...

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Minimal Dictionary and Selftutor Functional Grammar in Zo-English-Hindi (2010)

philip thanglienmang tungdim

Tami laibu ahileh Ist International Conference on Tense-Aspect-Mood on Sino-Tibetan languages, CIIL, Mysore October hla 2011 kum a Dr. Rajesh Sachdeva Director, CIIL, Mysore, in ahonkhiet ahi. This book was released by Dr. Rajesh Sachdeva Director, CIIL, Mysore during the Ist International Conference on Tense-Aspect-Mood on Sino-Tibetan languages held at CIIL, Mysore.

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FIFTY YEARS OF LANGUAGE PLANNING FOR MODERN HINDI The Official Language of India

Prof B Mallikarjun

2000

1. ABSTRACT Hindi - according to the 1991 Census of India, is the mother tongue of 233,432,285 persons (22% of the entire Indian population), and is spoken as a language (which includes 47 or so mother tongues cobbled up under it) by 337,272,114 persons (42.22% of the entire Indian population). It is also used as a second language by another

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2014. Developments in the linguistic descriptions of Indian English: state of the art. Linguistics and the Human Sciences 9(3): 249-275.

Abhishek Kashyap

This article provides a survey of the developments that have taken place in the description of Indian English (IndE) in the past two centuries, with particular attention to the phenomena of language (e.g. phonology, lexicogrammar, and pragmatics) that have been examined from a descriptive perspective. The evolution of English in India through centuries of use, first during the colonial period and then as the “associate official language” of independent India, stimulated the development of descriptions of all aspects of the language. The critical review in this article, however, demonstrates that the linguistic descriptions except those in relation to society are scant and the often-made intuitive observation that IndE is extensively studied does not apply to the description of linguistic phenomena. While providing lists of features based on impressionistic or small-scale data dominated the later part of the 20th century, the focus of current research has shifted to corpus-based and quantitative investigations. This article explores the systems of IndE that have been studied in descriptive research, shows that the attitude towards linguistic descriptions is linked to the growth and use of English over time, and aims to stimulate further research by posing key questions that need to be answered.

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Dash, N.S. (2013) Applied Linguistics. New Delhi: Heritage Publishers.

Prof. Niladri Sekhar Dash

Heritage Publishers, New Delhi, India, 2024

The author has made an effort to introduce some new methods, ideas, and strategies for English Language Teaching, Dictionary Making, Translation, and Dialectology with direct utilization of data and information elicited from language corpora in English and Indian languages developed in digital form. The primary goal of this book is to train the new generation of Indian linguists in the utilization of language corpora in various works of applied linguistics. The book is enriched with references to recent works carried out in various parts of the world. This will help readers to know how novel approaches are being used to make valuable improvements over the traditional methods and techniques used in different branches of applied linguistics. The book is best suited to be used as text-cum-course book at undergraduate and postgraduate levels in Indian universities. It can also be used as a reference book by students, teachers, and researchers working in these areas of applied linguistics. Moreover, general people interested in these areas will find this book highly useful for new insights, methods, and information. The academic importance of this book may be attested to in its direct focus on the Indian contexts of applied linguistic research and development works. The book sincerely appeals to the people engaged in different branches of applied linguistics to redirect their focus towards this new approach for the benefit of the discipline as well as for better service to the country and its people.

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The discourse particle to and word ordering in Hindi; from grammar to discourse

Annie Montaut

In Information Structure and Spoken Language. Van Valin, Robert & Fernandez-Vest Jocelyne (eds). 263-282. Amsterdam/New York: Benjamins. Abstract: Word reordering is the most common way in Hindi for focalizing and thematizing a constituent, without morphological restructuration. A theme is thus fronted and a focus is preverbal. However, the language also displays other devices, namely particles, for this purpose, particularly but not only, for constituents already respectively fronted and preverbal in the unmarked order (SOV). The paper bears on the most frequent of such particles, the thematic enclitic particle to. Previous analyses have pointed to the extreme diversity of its meanings -- up to four “homonyms”: intensive, contrastive, assertive, request particle. The present study explains this diversity in terms of a common operation which involves inter-subjectivity. As a thematic particle, to requalifies the constituent as contrasting either with other elements present in the dialogue or with a view point on the constituent which has been previously expressed or attributed the other. Being highly sensitive to the exchange of distinct viewpoints, the particle may also cliticize to non-initial constituents, in which case it marks the whole statement as dismissing of opposing a previous proposal. The behaviour of the particle to may ultimately be traced to the other and older functions of the word used as a correlative pronoun and as a conjunction, which also presuppose an initial content as the starting point for a distinct predication or discourse sequence

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LANGUAGE IN INDIA

Miri Hussein

languageinindia.com

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Modern Hindi Grammar (2024)

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